इमाम अल-दूर का गुंबद, अबू अब्दुल्लाह मुहम्मद अल-दूरी से संबद्ध ऐतिहासिक मक़बरा
IRQ-0073
परिचय
यह अभिलेख इमाम अल-दूर के गुंबद से संबंधित है, जो दजला नदी के पूर्वी तट पर अल-दौर नगर के निकट और सामर्रा से लगभग बीस किलोमीटर उत्तर एक ऐतिहासिक मक़बरा था। यह किसी निश्चित पहचान वाले व्यक्ति की निर्विवाद दफ़नगाह नहीं था। इसलिए पुराने नाम मुहम्मद बिन अल-आबिद को स्थान-केंद्रित पहचान से सुधारा गया। एक शिलालेख और स्थानीय परंपरा इसे अबू अब्दुल्लाह मुहम्मद अल-दूरी, इमाम मूसा अल-काज़िम के संबद्ध पुत्र, से जोड़ती थी, जबकि दूसरा विद्वत मत इसे उक़ैली शासक शरफ़ अल-दौला मुस्लिम बिन क़ुरैश से जोड़ता था।
इमारत ग्यारहवीं सदी के इराक़ी वास्तु-परिदृश्य का भाग थी। शिलालेख और वास्तु-अध्ययन इसके संरक्षक हाजिब अबू जाफ़र मुहम्मद और वास्तुकार अबू शाकिर बिन अबी अल-फ़रज का नाम देते हैं। यह १०९४ ईस्वी से पहले उस समय पूरी हुई जब उक़ैली और सलजूक शक्ति अब्बासी ख़िलाफ़त के साथ जुड़ी हुई थी।
इसका वास्तु-महत्व असाधारण था। पकी ईंट का चौकोर कक्ष ऊँचे अष्टकोणीय भाग और परतदार मुक़रनस गुंबद के नीचे था। कोनों के सहारे, नक़्शेदार ईंट की पट्टियाँ, पलस्तर सजावट, बंद बहुपंखी मेहराब और घूमते हुए छोटे अष्टकोणीय स्तर ऊपर की ओर विशेष गति बनाते थे। विद्वान इसे इराक़ के सबसे आरंभिक दिनांकित विशाल मुक़रनस गुंबदों में गिनते थे।
शिलालेखों ने स्मारक को नाम दिया, लेकिन पहचान-विवाद समाप्त नहीं किया। एक पाठ अबू अब्दुल्लाह मुहम्मद अल-दूरी को इमाम मूसा अल-काज़िम का पुत्र बताता था। दूसरा विद्वत मत क़ब्र को १०८५ में मरने वाले उक़ैली अमीर शरफ़ अल-दौला मुस्लिम बिन क़ुरैश की मानता था। अलवी ज़ियारती निस्बत और राजवंशी वास्तु-व्याख्या दोनों को स्पष्ट रखना आवश्यक है।
२३ अक्तूबर २०१४ को दाइश ने विस्फोटक लगाकर मक़बरे को नष्ट कर दिया। संयुक्त राष्ट्र की शिक्षा, विज्ञान और संस्कृति संस्था ने इसे इराक़ की धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक विरासत पर आक्रमण कहा। यह केवल ज़ियारत-स्थल की हानि नहीं थी, बल्कि मध्यकालीन अभियांत्रिकी, ईंटकारी, शिलालेख और मुक़रनस इतिहास का दुर्लभ प्रमाण भी मिट गया।
वर्तमान अभिलेख एक नष्ट संबद्ध मक़बरे और विरासत-स्थल को दर्ज करता है, सही हालत में सक्रिय रौज़े को नहीं। इसका मूल्य सही निर्देशांक, पुराने नाम, वास्तु-साक्ष्य, अलग दफ़न परंपराएँ और विनाश की स्मृति बचाने में है। दफ़न व्यक्ति पर मतभेद भी अनोखी इमारत की रक्षा का कर्तव्य कम नहीं करता।
ऐतिहासिक / धार्मिक महत्व
इमाम अल-दूर का गुंबद मध्यकालीन इराक़ के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण मक़बरों में था। इसका आरंभिक विशाल मुक़रनस गुंबद इस्लामी वास्तुकला, ज्यामिति, ईंट तकनीक और वास्तु-रूपों के प्रसार के इतिहास का मूल प्रमाण था।
क़ब्र की विवादित पहचान स्थल को दूसरा ऐतिहासिक मूल्य देती है। अलवी शिलालेख और उक़ैली राजवंशी व्याख्या दिखाती हैं कि ज़ियारत, राजनीतिक संरक्षण और वास्तुकला एक स्थान पर कई स्मृतियाँ बना सकते हैं।
२०१४ के विनाश ने इसे जानबूझकर विरासत मिटाने का प्रतीक बनाया। यूनेस्को की निंदा ने स्पष्ट किया कि रौज़ों पर हमला धार्मिक समुदाय और मानवता की साझा सांस्कृतिक स्मृति दोनों को हानि पहुँचाता है।
वर्तमान डिजिटल अभिलेख संरक्षण का काम करता है। निर्देशांक, नाम, स्रोत, वास्तु-विवरण और विनाश की तारीख़ बचाकर यह खोई इमारत को सरल या ग़लत व्यक्ति-जीवनियों से अलग करता है।
संदर्भ
The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning
Yasser Tabbaa
academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
Tomb of Imam Dur
Yasser Tabbaa
MIT Aga Khan visual documentation, 1983
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
Qubba Imam al-Dur
Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT / Archnet
architectural site record
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
UNESCO condemnation of the destruction of the Imam Dur Shrine
UNESCO
27 October 2014
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
www.archnet.org
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
www.unesco.org
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.
doi.org
Page/Volume: academic study of early muqarnas domes; pagination varies by reprint | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence. | Article role: SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED PLACE / DESTROYED HISTORIC MAUSOLEUM. Archnet and Yasser Tabbaa support the eleventh-century architecture, patron, architect, inscriptions and importance of the muqarnas dome. The burial identity is disputed between an inscriptional attribution to Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Duri, described as a son of Imam Musa al-Kazim, Peace Be Upon Him, and an identification with the Uqaylid amir Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh. UNESCO supports the deliberate destruction on 23 October 2014. The old title Muhammad ibn al-Abid was corrected because it did not accurately identify the monument or reflect the competing evidence.