परिचय

आयतुल्लाह शहीद सैयद मुहम्मद बाक़िर अल-सद्र का रौज़ा, अल्लाह उन पर रहमत फ़रमाए, नजफ़ में वादी अल-सलाम के पवित्र भूगोल में स्थित है। यह बीसवीं सदी के इराक़ के सबसे प्रभावशाली फ़क़ीहों, दार्शनिकों, अर्थशास्त्रीय विचारकों और राजनीतिक चिंतकों में से एक की स्मृति है। उनका जन्म १३५३ हिजरी, अर्थात १९३५ ईस्वी, काज़िमिय्या के मूसवी आल सद्र विद्वत परिवार में हुआ।

उनके पिता सैयद हैदर अल-सद्र का निधन बचपन में हो गया। सीमित साधनों के बावजूद माता और बड़े भाई सैयद इस्माईल ने शिक्षा का मजबूत वातावरण बनाया। उनकी प्रतिभा बहुत जल्दी प्रकट हुई और उन्होंने प्रारंभिक पढ़ाई तीव्रता से पूरी की। चालीस के दशक के मध्य में वे नजफ़ गए और सैयद अबुल-क़ासिम अल-ख़ूई तथा अपने मामा शैख़ मुहम्मद रज़ा आल यासीन से फ़िक़्ह और उसूल की उच्च शिक्षा ली।

उन्होंने हौज़ा को समय के प्रश्नों से अलग नहीं माना। आधुनिक दर्शन, अर्थव्यवस्था, राजनीति और मानव विज्ञान का अध्ययन करके उन्हें इस्लामी फ़िक़्ह और कलाम की भाषा में परखा। फ़लसफ़तुना में भौतिकवाद और आधुनिक दार्शनिक व्यवस्थाओं का विश्लेषण किया, जबकि इक़्तिसादुना में पूँजीवाद और मार्क्सवाद की इस्लामी समीक्षा के साथ संपत्ति, आर्थिक न्याय और सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व के सिद्धांत प्रस्तुत किए।

अल-उसुस अल-मंतिक़िय्या लिल-इस्तिक़रा में आगमन, संभावना और वैज्ञानिक तर्क की नींवों पर काम किया। उसूल अल-फ़िक़्ह के उनके पाठ, जो हलक़ात के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुए, ने हौज़ा की शिक्षण-पद्धति को नया रूप दिया। उनकी रचनाएँ विषयगत क़ुरआन-व्याख्या, ब्याजरहित बैंक व्यवस्था, इबादत, राजनीतिक सत्ता, इमामों की भूमिका और क़ानून तथा समाज के संबंध तक फैली हैं।

शिक्षण उनकी विरासत का मूल भाग था। सैयद महमूद हाशिमी शाहरूदी, सैयद काज़िम अल-हाइरी, सैयद मुहम्मद बाक़िर अल-हकीम और अन्य प्रमुख विद्वान उनके छात्रों में थे। वे व्यवस्थित तर्क, बौद्धिक ईमानदारी और नए प्रश्नों पर सीधी सोच सिखाते थे।

उनकी बहन आमिना अल-सद्र, जो बिन्त अल-हुदा के नाम से प्रसिद्ध थीं, स्वयं लेखिका, शिक्षिका और सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता थीं। भाई ने फ़िक़्ह, दर्शन और सार्वजनिक सिद्धांत में काम किया, जबकि बहन ने महिलाओं की धार्मिक शिक्षा और सामाजिक चेतना को मजबूत किया। उनकी संयुक्त बहादुरी ने आल सद्र परिवार को ज्ञान और नैतिक ज़िम्मेदारी का प्रतीक बना दिया।

बाअसी शासन में उनकी विद्वत और जन-प्रभाव के कारण निगरानी, गिरफ़्तारी और दबाव बढ़ता गया। उन्होंने सत्तारूढ़ दल की अनिवार्य सदस्यता का विरोध किया और धार्मिक जीवन की स्वतंत्रता का समर्थन किया। अप्रैल १९८० में उन्हें और बिन्त अल-हुदा को सुरक्षा तंत्र ने पकड़कर यातना दी और मार डाला। यातना के छोटे विवरणों में अंतर है, लेकिन बाअसी राज्य द्वारा उनकी शहादत इतिहास में दृढ़ रूप से सुरक्षित है।

सरकार ने दोनों शरीरों को रात में वादी अल-सलाम में गुप्त रूप से दफ़न किया, क्योंकि उसे ज्ञात क़ब्र के प्रतिरोध-केंद्र बनने का डर था। तानाशाही के समय श्रद्धालुओं ने उनका शरीर ख़तरे में पड़ी क़ब्र से निकालकर छिपे नाम से फिर दफ़न किया। २००३ के बाद यह इतिहास सामने आया और उनके अवशेष वर्तमान स्मारक परिसर से जुड़े। यह रौज़ा दफ़न के साथ छिपाने, रक्षा और पुनः पहचान की कहानी भी बचाता है।

बाअसी शासन के बाद उत्तरदायित्व की खोज जारी रही। इराक़ी संस्थाओं ने १९८० के अपराध से जुड़े पूर्व अधिकारियों का पीछा किया और २०२६ में एक दोषी पूर्व उच्च सुरक्षा अधिकारी की फाँसी की घोषणा की। यह बताता है कि अल-सद्र की शहादत कई दशकों बाद भी इराक़ की जीवित सार्वजनिक स्मृति रही।

ज़ायर के लिए यह रौज़ा ज्ञान, बलिदान और आशा को जोड़ता है। उनका जीवन सिखाता है कि धार्मिक विद्या को अर्थव्यवस्था और समाज के वास्तविक प्रश्नों का उत्तर देना चाहिए, नवीन विचार अनुशासित अध्ययन से जन्म लेते हैं और अत्याचार के सामने चुप्पी माँगने वाली सत्ता नैतिक वैधता खो देती है। उनकी पुस्तकें आज भी पढ़ी, पढ़ाई, अनूदित और विवेचित होती हैं।

संदर्भ

प्राथमिक स्रोत — Falsafatuna उच्च

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

प्राथमिक स्रोत — Iqtisaduna उच्च

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

प्राथमिक स्रोत — Al-Usus al-Mantiqiyya lil-Istiqra उच्च

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

प्राथमिक स्रोत — Durus fi Ilm al-Usul उच्च

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

द्वितीयक स्रोत — The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International मध्यम

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

द्वितीयक स्रोत — The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq मध्यम

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

वेब स्रोत — www.baqeralsadr.com मध्यम

https://www.baqeralsadr.com/bio/

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

वेब स्रोत — www.baqeralsadr.com मध्यम

https://www.baqeralsadr.com/

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

वेब स्रोत — iqraonline.net मध्यम

https://iqraonline.net/reburial-of-shahid-ayatullah-sayyid-muhammad-baqir-al-sadr/

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

वेब स्रोत — apnews.com मध्यम

https://apnews.com/article/iraq-execution-saddam-official-b383b3e14c8f7b96cb80ffc907ce6775

Notes: Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: three-part teaching cycle; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary. | Page/Volume: chapters on al-Sadr, al-Da'wa and Baathist repression; pagination varies by edition | Article role: PRIMARY BURIAL / MAIN BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD. Al-Sadr's own books support his intellectual contribution; the official works foundation and academic studies support his education, teaching, political environment and martyrdom. Published reburial documentation supports the secret Wadi al-Salam burial, later protective relocation and public recognition after 2003. Associated Press reporting dated 9 February 2026 supports the execution of former senior security officer Saadoun Sabri al-Qaisi after conviction for grave crimes including his role in the 1980 killing. Individual torture descriptions were not repeated as settled fact where reports vary.

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